What are Modal Verbs for Necessity and Possibility?

Modal verbs are special verbs that add extra meaning to the main verb in a sentence. They express things like ability, permission, advice, and in this lesson, necessity and possibility.

At a B2 level, it’s important to understand the nuances of these modals. They allow you to express different levels of obligation or certainty.

Expressing Strong Necessity: Must and Have to

両方とも must そして have to express necessity or obligation, but they have subtle differences in usage.

• 当社では must for strong personal obligations, rules the speaker feels are important, or strong recommendations.

• It often comes from the speaker's own feelings or authority.

• 例： I must study for the exam. (The speaker feels it's important.)

• 当社では have to for external obligations, rules, or duties imposed by others (e.g., laws, school rules, work regulations).

• It focuses on the fact that the obligation exists, not necessarily the speaker's feeling about it.

• 例： You have to wear a uniform at this school. (It's a school rule.)

Expressing General Necessity: Need to

Need to is another common way to express necessity. It is often interchangeable with have to, especially in informal contexts.

• It indicates that something is required or essential.

• 例： We need to finish this report by Friday.

• It can be used for both personal and external necessities, making it very versatile.

What if Something Isn't Necessary? Use Don't have to

When something is not required or optional, we use don't have to （または doesn't have to for third person singular).

• This phrase expresses a lack of obligation or necessity.

• It means you can do something if you want, but it's not compulsory.

• 例： You don't have to come to the meeting if you're busy.

Remember, don't have to is very different from mustn't, which means something is prohibited.

Talking About Possibility: Can

Can is a versatile modal verb that can express possibility, ability, or permission.

• For possibility, can indicates that something is generally possible or that a situation allows for something to happen.

• 例： It can get very cold here in winter. (It's possible, it happens sometimes.)

• It can also refer to ability: She can speak three languages.

Talking About Impossibility: Can't

The negative form, can't （または cannot), expresses impossibility or inability.

• When talking about impossibility, can't means that something is not possible or not true.

• 例： That can't be true! (It's impossible for it to be true.)

• It also expresses inability: I can't understand what he's saying.

Key Differences and Nuances

At B2, it's important to recognize the subtle distinctions between these modals:

• Must 対. Have to: Must is often stronger and more personal. Have to is more common for general, external rules. In questions, have to is usually preferred: Do you have to work tomorrow? (Not usually Must you work tomorrow?)

• Need to 対. Have to: These are often interchangeable, especially in spoken English. Need to can sometimes imply a slightly less formal or less strict obligation than have to.

• Don't have to 対. Mustn't: This is a crucial difference. Don't have to means 'it is not necessary'. Mustn't means 'it is forbidden' or 'you must not do it'.

例

• You must submit your assignment by Friday.
• I have to attend a mandatory training session.
• She needs to get a new passport before her trip.
• We don't have to pay for parking on weekends.
• It can be very challenging to learn a new language.
• He can't possibly finish all that work in one day.
• Students must not cheat on exams.
• Do you have to wear a suit to the interview?

練習

スペイン語話者がよく犯す間違い

Spanish speakers sometimes confuse the concepts of 'lack of necessity' and 'prohibition' when using modal verbs.

• 誤り： You mustn't work tomorrow. (Meaning: You don't need to work.)

• 正しい： You don't have to work tomorrow. (This means it's not necessary or optional.)

The verb mustn't （または must not) means something is forbidden or prohibited. For example, You mustn't smoke in here means it is against the rules to smoke.

Another common error is using must in questions for external obligations. While not always wrong, have to is much more natural.

• Less natural: Must I sign this form?

• More natural: Do I have to sign this form?

よくある質問

What is the main difference between must and have to?

主な違いは、 must often expresses a strong personal obligation or a rule the speaker believes is important, like I must call my mother. Have to expresses an external obligation or rule, such as a law or regulation: We have to pay our taxes.

Can I use need to instead of have to?

Yes, often you can. Need to is very similar to have to and is commonly used to express necessity, especially in informal situations. For example, I need to buy groceries is similar to I have to buy groceries.

What is the difference between don't have to and mustn't?

This is a critical difference. Don't have to means something is not necessary or optional, as in You don't have to work on holidays. Mustn't means something is forbidden or prohibited, like You mustn't touch the exhibits in the museum.

How is can used for possibility?

Can is used for general possibility, meaning something is possible in a general sense or a situation allows for it. For example, It can rain a lot in spring means it's a common possibility. For specific possibilities, could または may are often used.

Are these modal verbs common in B2 English exams?

Yes, modal verbs for necessity and possibility are very common in B2 English exams. You might find them in grammar sections, gap-fill exercises, or tasks requiring you to rephrase sentences while maintaining the original meaning. Understanding their nuances is key to achieving a good score.

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